When discussing graphene, we need to initially mention the natural mineral graphite that is extensively existing in our life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are arranged layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are very closely linked, however the combination of carbon atoms in between various layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will certainly slide apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms form a regular hexagonal ring on the exact same airplane, stretching to develop a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is just one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel a single layer framework.
More than 20 years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the College of Manchester in the UK, believed that there must be a method to acquire a single layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took a very “simple and unrefined” method – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we write a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, scientists frankly link that if tape can stay with the surface area of paper, can it also stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into two. Although the density of graphite currently is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have validated the feasibility of this approach – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite comes to be thinner. By insisting on utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation approach” to duplicate the operation, they finally obtained a slim sheet consisting of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this approach of repetitively scrubing graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has low manufacturing performance and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the renovation of clinical and technical degrees, the preparation approach of graphene has actually additionally made terrific progression. At present, along with this typical physical and mechanical peeling approach, there are also many methods for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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